Progymnasmata Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Progymnasmata - Essay Example A list of 14 exercises is included in progymnasmataranked in order of their increasing complexity, and increasing demand of knowledge required. These assessments are namely fable i.e. when a folk tale is repeated, narrative that basically follows fiction or non-fiction, Chreiai.e. based on a famous quote or action, Proverb i.e. asking students to argue for and against a topic, Refutation that disproves a narrative, Confirmation that approves the narrative, Commonplace i.e.based on some common advice, Encomium that describes someone’s aims, Invective that disapproves of some evil act, Comparison i.e. simple comparison of two objects or beings, Personification i.e. the description of some fictional character, Description that generates graphically a certain subject, Argument that describes a research been done generally, and then Legislation in which argument arises for and against the law. The rhetorical exercises first starts at lower level, students are given short trainings for recitations. These exercises increases with time and then they are followed by elongated training exercises for their own speech sessions. This way of training is used in two periods of art; classical and renaissance. The training followed the specific order of implementation; there is a predefined plan, which is followed to take students towards Progymnasmata. Different levels of training as mentioned above include; fable, narrative, chreia, proverb, refutation and some others while this course of implementation ends with description, thesis, and defense.(Rapind Intellect Group) Progymnasmata remains popular for long time due to its unique ways of implementation, small exercises are easier to follow and the level of understanding increases gradually. At start the training for easy paraphrasing, narration and refutation is given when the

Mythic proportions Essay Example for Free

Mythic proportions Essay Linton Heathcliff is a contradiction in terms. His name signifies the unnatural union between Heathcliff and the Lintons or between passion and convention and his sickly nature demonstrates the impossibility of such a union. In Linton both love and convention emerge as corrupted by each other. He is described as a pet, a puling chicken and a whelp. Like both his parents, however, Lintons view of the world is singular, and it is his inability to see it in any way but his own terms which renders him absolutely available for manipulation by Heathcliff. Hareton Of his generation, Haretons character is perhaps the most intriguing, reversing the comparative lack of interest we feel for his father, Hindley. Hareton is brutalised by Heathcliff, structurally repeating Heathcliffs own suffering at the hands of Hindley. Haretons relationship with Cathy has similarly been read as mirroring Heathcliffs with Catherine, in as much as he is desirous of impressing her, and he is proud in her presence. His love of Cathy, however, might be said more closely to resemble Edgars love of Catherine in as much as it is moderate yet tender, devoted yet restrained. Hareton also exhibits an unwavering love for Heathcliff, in spite of the ill-treatment he has received at his hands. Like Catherine, Hareton is constant in his initial affections, and when Heathcliff first arrives into his life they form an alliance against Hindley. Although Haretons name is inscribed above the door of Wuthering Heights, his inability to read, coupled with the repetitious doubling of names and signatures, means that he fails to inherit his rightful property. Hareton is dispossessed by Heathcliff, but can also be seen as a rewriting of Heathcliff, a surrogate or symbolic Heathcliff. The development of Haretons characterisation revolves around his education. He is initially nursed by Nelly, the novels surrogate mother, and under her tuition he begins to learn his letters. However, left to the ministrations of his dissolute and unpredictable father Hindley, Hareton grows wild and uncultivated, unable to read, and with no social skills. His attempts at self-improvement are the source of mockery and derision by Linton and Cathy, and it is not until the end of the novel that he is able to acquire the skills necessary for him to achieve social status with Cathy and come into his rightful inheritance. The domestic romance which typifies the final union between Cathy and Hareton may well resolve some of the conflicts that thwart the other relationships in the novel, but their union lacks the grand passion, the wild power of the original love between Catherine and Heathcliff. Cathy Structurally the second Cathy can be seen as revising her mothers story. She achieves her identity at the price of her mothers, and Edgar always differentiates her in relation to the first Catherine, whose name he never diminished. Unlike Linton, who has the misfortune of inheriting the worst of both his parents, Cathy appears to have inherited the best from both of hers. Nelly sees Lockwood as a possible escape route for Cathy should he be induced to fall in love with her. We are privy to reports of Cathys pride, and her insensitive mockery of Haretons lack of formal knowledge. The revolution of the novel in which she and Hareton form their attachment is something of a mythical resolution, a romantic conclusion which transcends the central conflicts of the novel to restore a traditional novelistic plot of courtship and marriage. Cathy and Haretons relationship restores to the novel and version of domestic bliss that was the Victorian ideal, but it is well to bear in mind that Brontes is a version in which Cathy clearly has the upper hand. Nelly Nelly Dean is the second and dominant narratorial voice in this novel. She takes up the story from Lockwood and gives it both substance and credence. Lockwoods inability to read the signs of the culture in which he finds himself cannot sustain the story, though it acts to remind us that all narratorial voices, including Nellys, are partial. Nelly Dean is a local, and has known each generation of the Earnshaw and Linton families. She is therefore well-placed to offer Lockwood a commentary upon the events she describes. Her position of servant is differentiated from that of that of other servants, both in terms of the fact that she appears to move effortlessly between the two houses, mediating between their differences, and in terms of her voice. Nelly Dean does not share a regional dialect with the other servants but she understands it perfectly. She also emerges as an educated woman, having read most of the books in the library at Thrushcross Grange the house of culture and in having experienced the vicissitudes of Wuthering Heights the house of nature. In keeping with her dual roles, Nelly has two names, Ellen, her given name which is used by those wishing to accord her respect, and Nelly, the name her peers and familiars employ. Nelly is one of the most interesting characters in this novel, not least because of the language she uses. She occupies a unique cultural position in this novel. She has access to a range of discourses that might be considered beyond her ken in terms of her position as a family servant; yet as the central narrator Bronte presents her as a speaking subject, partially excluded from culture but nonetheless positioned so as to be able to comment upon it. Nelly acts as a surrogate mother to many of the motherless characters in this novel: she brings up Hareton for the first five years of his life; she cares for Cathy from birth through to her marriage to Linton; she regrets the brevity of her charge of Linton, which is forced by circumstance; and she acts as confidant and advisor to Catherine and Heathcliff. She also acts as a mother-figure to Lockwood as she nurses him back to health. As surrogate mother Nelly provides food and moral sustenance to her nurslings. Nelly Dean is most carefully, consistently and convincingly created for us as the normal woman, whose truly feminine nature satisfies itself in nurturing all the children of the book in turn. This reading of Nelly as the mother-figure alerts us to another of her roles, for Nelly is a mother goose, the teller of this fairytale, the keeper of its wisdom. The name might also be a corruption of Mother Gossip. Both of these definitions are pertinent to the figure of Nelly, since the knowledge she conveys is at least twofold: it is about womens experience, and it is about the nature of love. Nelly knows that her story has to entertain and ensnare us. Yet her voice is rooted in the realist narrative. With her love of a well-brushed hearth and gleaming copper pans, Nelly weaves for us a fairy tale of mythic proportions. Given our narrators sympathies we are inevitably drawn to the novels celebration of passion, and find the strictures of its dominant discourses of marriage and religion as stifling and incomprehensible as do its main protagonists.

Respect Essay -- Definition Essays Explication

Respect Many people have different ideas about what respect means. I think it means having respect for others, property, and respect for yourself. Most people want respect even if it is just a little. The American Heritage Dictionary states that respect is 1. A feeling of appreciative, often deferential regard, esteem. 2. The state of being regarded with honor or esteem. 3. Willingness to show consideration or appreciation. People demand different amounts of respect, though not everyone is willing to give the amount needed. Maybe this is because not every one knows what respect means. The first rule is respect for others. A few of those â€Å"others† are teachers, police, authority figures, and business people. Respect for others is listening to the person talking, not interrupting class, and being respectful to other people’s ideas. It means, doing the work shown, and not asking to repeat what was just said. But those are just a few examples. The second rule is respecting property. Respecting property is as simple as not writing on a desk in school, but it can ...

Interpersonal Relationship Essay

Introduction Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. American Nurses Association (ANA) An interpersonal relationship is an association between two or more people that may range from fleeting to enduring. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship). Seemingly to Hildegard Peplau, nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two or more individuals with a common goal. Peplau, emphasized the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice. A therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is defined as a helping relationship that’s based on mutual trust and respect, the nurturing of faith and hope, being sensitive to self and others, and assisting with the gratification of your patient’s physical, emotional, and spiritual needs through your knowledge and skill. This caring relationship develops when you and your patient come together in the moment, which results in harmony and healing. Effective verbal and nonverbal communication is an important part of the nurse-patient interaction, as well as providing care in a manner that enables your patient to be an equal partner in achieving wellness. (Pullen & Mathias 2010) Patient-centered communication is a basic component of nursing which facilitates the development of a positive nurse-patient relationship and along with other organizational factors, results in the delivery of quality nursing care. In most instances, a nurse plays an essential role in the life of a patient. The concerns and cares they give to their patients is a big factor that uplifts each one’s spirit, therefore the goal of the nurses of Olivarez College BSN IV is to create a harmonious relationship between their patients through a well organize and meaningful interactions. The study of the relationship between patient and nurse is important to see how efficient a patient recovers, to understand his illness fully; whether there’s a chance of recovery or nothing to expect at all. Moreover, the role of the nurse is to lessen the emotional and physical pain of every patient. In dealing with these, a need for better communication strategies and methods should be applied. There may be some existing practices exercised by hospitals for their nurses and patients, but a thorough study to improve it better is an advantage. (Cruz, JA 2010) One good way of communicating with a patient is by merely listening to them. Letting them express their thoughts and anxieties may help them feel better. Furthermore, an understanding smile, a good sense of humor, a compassionate outlook and friendly gestures can alleviate their pain and anxiety. The focus of this research is the patient’s perception of an effective nurse-patient relationship. The most common method of interaction is communication. Communication is the sending of ones information to another and may be done verbally or non-verbally. Background of the Study An internal problem of nurses is common. There are so many things to adjust especially working with people that they knew for the 1st time. An interpersonal problem not only occurs with co-workers, it can also be applied with nurse-patient relationship. Everyday different types of patient are being encountered by the nurses. This study gives interest to the researchers to develop and enhanced interpersonal skills and confidence during nurse-patient interaction in the area. Mostly, nurses do not practice good communication skills because of low-self esteem to deal with the patient, resulting to the insufficient gathering of important details and information on the patient’s data. Nursing students should practice well on developing nurse-patient relationship to be an effective and a qualified nurse. Nurse has important role enhancing communication skills. Nurses play an important role in health communication. They are the ones who are always in close contact with the patients. Having effective communication skills and being able to employ them in communicating to the patients is very essential for every nurse. A nurse must be able to communicate effectively to the patient, its family and their co-workers, as well. It is important for health care personnel to understand the doubts, fears and the anxieties of the patients who come to them for treatment. It is equally important to talk in an understanding tone to those who have not voiced their fears but are obviously scared. Patience is also essential in dealing with hard headed and unbeliever patients especially when the patient is suffering and in pain during medication and they tend to refuse taking medicines anymore. Nurses feel a sense of accomplishment when they give a positive influence on their client’s health status. Learning experiences with simulation offer the nursing student an opportunity to further develop knowledge, skills and critical thinking abilities prior to practicing in the clinical setting. Role play, as well as manikin use, can enhance the nursing student’s ability to respond to a variety of patient care scenarios before actually encountering them in the clinical setting (Billings & Halstead, 2005). Active learning with immediate feedback reinforces the nursing student’s performance and confidence in relating to patients and other professionals in the healthcare setting (Billings & Halstead, 2005). A student nurse can easily relate to the situation of their patients in terms of their know-how and further sturdy of their illnesses. This study aims to know how patients can perceive and cooperate for the fulfilment of their rehabilitation. Cutcliffe and McKenna (2005) reported that during treatment, hospital and community patients interact more with nurses than with any other health professional in the multidisciplinary team. These authors also highlighted that nurses are continuing to expand their role into medical and even surgical practice. Nursing proves as difficult to define as ‘care’, which means that the role of the nurse and how it is differentiated from other health professions is often misunderstood. Perhaps nurses provide care and doctors provide tre atment, but (McMahon 2007) argues that neither addresses the skills and knowledge needed in modern nursing to provide good-quality care, nor explains why students take three years to train before they become qualified nurses. Since Florence Nightingale’s time, nursing could be seen as having moved from a task-oriented practice towards a therapeutic process that encompasses a wide range of nursing roles, focused on the individual patient and his or her health and well-being. (McMahon 2007) attempts to define therapeutic nursing abilities as being characterized by six skills: developing the nurse-patient relationship; caring and comforting; using evidence-based physical interventions; teaching; manipulating the environment; adopting complementary health practices. These are all the skills developed by nurses during their pre-registration education; all of them demand good communication skills for effectiveness. It appears that this argument supports the notion that ‘nursing’, in addition to the applied knowledge and attitude, is underpinned essentially by communication skills. Review of Related Literature and Studies FOREIGN The relationship between the nurse and the patient is often seen as a therapeutic relationship in itself that is based on partnership, intimacy, and reciprocity (McMahon, 2007). Its purpose is different from a social relationship in that it has a focus on the patient’s well-being as a priority, and the nurse and the patient do not need to have anything in common or even like each other (Arnold and Boggs, 2006). This relationship can last only five minutes in an accident and emergency department or primary care practice, or can continue and develop for months or years during chronic illness management. It can be intensely personal when breaking bad news, or quite superficial such as when directing a patient to the appropriate clinic room. However, all of these scenarios are nurse-patient encounters that impart to the patient something of the support and meaningfulness of their engagement with health care. They tell the patient whether they are viewed as important and valued, and whether they will be listed to or discriminated against. Since Florence Nightingale’s time, nursing could be seen as having moved from a task-oriented practice towards a therapeutic process that encompasses a wide range of nursing roles, focused on the individual patient and his or her health and well-being. (McManhon 2007) attempts to define therapeutic nursing abilities as being characterized by six skills: developing the nurse-patient relationship; caring and comforting; using evidence-based physical interventions; teaching; manipulating the environment; adopting complementary health practices. These skills are developed by nurses during their pre-registration education; all of them demand good communication skills for effectiveness. It appears that this argument supports the notion that ‘nursing’, in addition to the applied knowledge and attitude, is underpinned essentially by communication skills. For instance, reticence from the others may prompt encouraging remarks of prompt questioning timing of social responses: This requires the communicator to know when to speak, when to listen, when to interrupt or prompt, or when to take the lead or be led. Self-presentation: A good communicator has self-awareness and is able to use this self-knowledge to present themselves to the other. This gives the other feedback about who the communicator is and therefore how to interpret and respond to them. For instance, sitting in a forward-leaning position assures the other that they are being listened to. Rewardingness: This is the ability to engage the other in the communication and know how to reward communication behaviour. For instance, using nods, smiles, and eye contact encourages someone to talk about themselves. For instance, if they realize that being dressed formally is off putting to a young teenager, they can respond by removing a tie or rolling up their sleeves. Argyle breaks communication skills down into behavioural skills rather than skills of insight, understanding, and cognition. Another definition of good communication comes from (Becker et al.) who suggest that skilful communicator ‘must be able to identify the emotions or intent expressed by the other person and make sophisticated judgements about the form and timing of the appropriate response ‘. In this definition, the skilled communicator uses accurate perception and good judgement to understand the interactions and know how to make appropriate judgements. It may be that all of these factors are part of the skills of a good communicator–that skills are made up of a good sense of reality, awareness of self and others, accurate reading of situations, good timing, and ability to use the self to facilitate meaningful and positive communication. Many of these skills can be learnt and developed through the practice and through personal development by improving self-awareness, and awareness and understanding of other people and heir cognitive and emotional states. Related Studies Patients’ Perceptions of Interpersonal Continuity of Care by Nancy Pandhi, MD and John W. Saultz, MD (2005) this is the qualitative and quantitative study of Interpersonal continuity of care is important to a majority of patients, particularly those from vulnerable groups. Patients value the relationship with their physician, their physician’s knowledge about them, and the ability to communicate their concerns. Over time, contact with a physician seems to lead to the development of trust and confidence. However, continuity of care is not valued by all patients or across all settings. Nurse-patient relationship: analysis of problems Encountered by the nursing students of Olivarez College (2010). In this study the purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to observe as a starting point for the hypothesis be it as general or theory development. The survey analyzed the data of the faculty needs of the nursing college department, the degree on which these needs were met. Synthesis Patients’ Perceptions of Interpersonal Continuity of Care by Nancy Pandhi, MD and John W. Saultz, MD (2005) this is the qualitative and quantitative study of Interpersonal continuity of care is important to a majority of patients, particularly those from vulnerable groups. Patients value the relationship with their physician, their physician’s knowledge about them, and the ability to communicate their concerns. Over time, contact with a physician seems to lead to the development of trust and confidence. However, continuity of care is not valued by all patients or across all settings. The studies utilized results quantitative (19/36), qualitative (16/36), or mixed methods (1/36). The largest number of the studies (15/36) took place in the United States. Several took place in the United Kingdom (8/36), The Netherlands (4/36), and Canada (4/36). The remainder took place in other European countries (2/36), Australia (2/36) or both the United States and England (1/36). All recruited patients from ambulatory settings. A summary of results from these studies regarding our contextual questions is reported below. Nurse-patient relationship: analysis of problems Encountered by the nursing students of Olivarez College (2010). In this study the purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to observe as a starting point for the hypothesis be it as general or theory development. The survey analyzed the data of the faculty needs of the nursing college department, the degree on which these needs were met. According to researchers, this study is a qualitative phenomological research to a patient-centered communication is a basic component of nursing which facilitates the development of a positive nurse-patient relationship and along with other organizational factors, results in the delivery of quality nursing care. In most instances, a nurse plays an essential role in the life of a patient. The concerns and cares they give to their patients is a big factor that uplifts each one’s spirit, therefore the goal of nurses of Olivarez College BSN IV is to create a harmonious relationship between their patients through a well-organized and meaningful interactions. Theoretical Framework This study is based on Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. The Theory of Interpersonal Relations is a middle-range descriptive classification theory. It was influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elger Miller. The four components of the theory are: person, which is a developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs; environment, which consists of existing forces outside of the person, and put in the context of culture; health, which is a word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and other human processes toward creative, constructive, productive, personal, and community living. The nursing model identifies four sequential phases in the interpersonal relationship: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. The orientation phase defines the problem. It starts when the nurse meets the patient, and the two are strangers. After defining the problem, the orientation phase identifies the type of service needed by the patient. The patient seeks assistance, tells the nurse what he or she needs, asks questions, and shares preconceptions and expectations based on past experiences. Essentially, the orientation phase is the nurse’s assessment of the patient’s health and situation. The identification phase includes the selection of the appropriate assistance by a professional. In this phase, the patient begins to feel as if he or she belongs, and feels capable of dealing with the problem which decreases the feeling of helplessness and hopelessness. The identification phase is the development of a nursing care plan based on the patient’s situation and goals. The exploitation phase uses professional assistance for problem-solving alternatives. The advantages of the professional services used are based on the needs and interests of the patients. In the exploitation phase, the patient feels like an integral part of the helping environment, and may make minor requests or use attention-getting techniques. When communicating with the patient, the nurse should use interview techniques to explore, understand, and adequately deal with the underlying problem. The nurse must also be aware of the various phases of communication since the patient’s independence is likely to fluctuate. The nurse should help the patient exploit all avenues of help as progress is made toward the final phase. This phase is the implementation of the nursing plan, taking actions toward meeting the goals set in the identification phase. The final phase is the resolution phase. It is the termination of the professional relationship since the patient’s needs have been met through the collaboration of patient and nurse. They must sever their relationship and dissolve any ties between them. This can be difficult for both if psychological dependence still exists. The patient drifts away from the nurse and breaks the bond between them. A healthier emotional balance is achieved and both become mature individuals. This is the evaluation of the nursing process. The nurse and patient evaluate the situation based on the goals set and whether or not they were met. The goal of psychodynamic nursing is to help understand one’s own behavior, help others identify felt difficulties, and apply principles of human relations to the problems that come up at all experience levels. Peplau explains that nursing is therapeutic because it is a healing art, assisting a patient who is sick or in need of health care. It is also an interpersonal process because of the interaction between two or more individuals who have a common goal. The nurse and patient work together so both become mature and knowledgeable in the care process.

The Filipino Christmas: A Reflection of One’s Tradition

Christmas is more than just a celebration; for most Filipino-Christians it is a way of welcoming the coming of their savior Jesus Christ. Being in a country were catholic is dominant, church plays a big role when it comes to Christmas, for the nine dawns before Christmas they have something called Simbang Gabi where they attend mass for the nine mornings leading up to Christmas. I think it is believed that if you attend all the masses, you can make a wish. Since it was really early in the morning and a bit chilly Filipinos normally look for something warm to eat and there are vendors selling food such as Puto Bumbong and Bibingka. Simbang Gabi is forever a part of the Filipino Christmas which is distinct from other countries who also celebrates Christmas.Another tradition is the reunion and for young Filipinos, it is the time when most grins are seen, parents are less likely to scold them, school works do not give too much pressure because there’s none, candies and chocolates fill their stomachs, and ninangs and ninongs fnally appear with their heart-warming gifts or aguinaldos, best dresses are worn and new shoes pamper their feet. For the old ones, this is the time when â€Å"thank you† becomes a common expression, sweat shirts and long sleeves which were kept in the deepest part of the closet are finally worn, and friends, both old and new, finally meet for the longest time.Living in a place who has different traditions during Christmas has showed me something very different even though we don’t celebrate it, I learned to be thankful for the family that I have around me during Christmas and I learned that receiving is not everything, it is always better to give.

Sounds of Glory essays

Sounds of Glory essays The 1957 film Paths Of Glory can be hailed as a cinematic stunning success because of director Stanley Kubricks unconventional use of sound aesthetics. He has a remarkably collective use of natural sound, music, and sound effects in this semi-fictional pacifist picture. The ambient sound that is profoundly evident throughout the film adds dimension to the otherwise generic combat atmosphere. The minimal use of music gives the audience an intense effect of continuous realism and sincere feeling of drama and stimulation. The authenticity in the film is achieved through sound effects that use superior sound perspective and presence. Kubricks density and astute knowledge of sound is apparent and reflected in his film Paths of Glory. Ambient sound is a significant aspect in this film. In many scenes where most directors would plug the negative with disproportionate use of music or soundtrack, Kubrick lets the ordinary illustrate through. In a scene where Commander General George Broulard (played by Adolphe Menjou), and General Paul Mireau (played by George Macready) this natural sound is prevalent. Scheming with restrained and influential urgings they interlace around each other in the lavish room of the chateau, the Generals influence echoes off the towering ceiling, as he urges himself into a seemingly impossible mission. The men danced around continuously, allowing the audience to hear the footsteps of the placid officers. Viewing this scene allows the audience to become a part of the action and hatred that is bonding the two together. Audience members no longer feel as a bystander but as an intricate part of the scene. The Sound perspective of sound effects is such an intricate part of the movie and only magnifies the atmosphere and emotion. Kubrick gives absolute perspective in not only battle scenes but in the entirety of the film. A great example this use is in a scene where guard soldiers draw ...

Chivalry in the First Crusade

Chivalry in the First Crusade The medieval ages were populated with wars waged for differing reasons. Some of the most remarkable and expansive wars waged were the Crusades. The first crusade was summoned by Pope Urban II in 1095 and it was labeled the war of liberation aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from the Muslims [1]. The Christian army which carried out this war was made up of knights and peasants who marched to Jerusalem for battle. During this period in history, there existed a code of chivalry among the knights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chivalry in the First Crusade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been suggested that the army which undertook the First Crusade idealized this code. This paper shall argue that the First Crusade represents the perfection of the chivalric ideal. To reinforce this assertion, the paper shall review some of the conducts of the Crusaders and how they demonstrated chivalry. At the onset, chivalry was a way of life for the knights and it entailed nothing more than fighting in tournaments and in real wars. Morris notes that it is the First Crusade that prevented chivalry from degenerating into a mere society of fighters by giving it an opportunity to realize its ideals of bravery, loyalty and honor[2]. This is a sentiment which is echoed by Frank who notes that chivalry as a code of behavior was mostly forged by Pope Urban II who came up with a list of characteristics that the true soldier of Christ would possess[3]. These ideals included; being wise, temperate, loyal and brave among other attributes and they acted as the standard that the Christian warriors strived to achieve. Chivalry demanded that the knight or soldier became a champion and defender of the church as well as the poor. This code was articulated in an address by Pope Urban II which stated that the mission of the Knight was to serve as the righteous and implacable enemy of the infidel, the compassionate protect or of the weak and oppressed[4]. The First Crusade lived up to this ideal as can be seen from their valor as they set out to attack the Turks who had taken over the Holy land. This valor paid off and the Crusaders took over control of Jerusalem from the infidels. One of the ideals that relate to chivalry is showing bravery and loyalty in the face of war. This is an ideal that the fighters in the First Crusade exhibited in great measure. Tyerman asserts that the crusading armies were held together by a strong loyalty to the cause and to the leaders and comrades at arms [5]. While the chivalry of the Knights as they engaged in their war against the Moslems is held in question by some historians owing to the indiscriminate killing of the enemy, it should be remembered that the code of the chivalry allowed for the killing of the infidels who had taken over the Holy Land and were oppressing its inhabitants.Advertising Looking for essay on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Undoubtedly, the ideals of chivalry played a major role in the huge success that the First Crusade achieved. As a result of chivalry, the crusading army defeated the Turks and entered the Holy Land in 1099. However, the ideals of chivalry were degenerated as the Christian armies and rulers reveled in luxury. As a result of this degeneration, Morris notes that the Second Crusade was an utter failure and Saladin, the leader of the Saracens recaptured the Jerusalem from the Crusaders[6]. This paper set out to argue that the First Crusade represented the perfection of the chivalric ideal. To this end, the paper has articulated some of the chivalric ideals and gone on to demonstrate how the crusading army lived up to these ideals. The paper has also suggested that the chivalric ideals were responsible for the great victory that the First Crusade achieved. Bibliography Foss, Michael. People of the First Crusade. Arcade Publ ishing, 1998. Frank, Daniel. The Knight Dismounted. Web. Morris, David. A History of England. CUP Archive, 2000. Tyerman, Christopher. Who Went on Crusades to the Holy Land? Herford College, Oxford, 1998. Footnotes Michael Foss, People of the First Crusade, (Arcade Publishing, 1998), 212. David Morris, A History of England, (CUP Archive, 2000), 105. Daniel Frank, The Knight Dismounted. Frank, 6. Christopher Tyerman, Who Went on Crusades to the Holy Land? (Herford College, Oxford, 1998), 13. David, 106.

The Mysterious Moons of Pluto

The Mysterious Moons of Pluto Planet Pluto continues to tell a fascinating story as scientists pore over the data taken by the New Horizons mission in 2015. Long before the tiny spacecraft passed through the system, the science team knew there were five moons out there, worlds that were distant and mysterious. They were hoping to get a closer look at as many of these places as possible in an effort to understand more about them and how they came to exist. As the spacecraft whizzed past, it captured close-up images of Charon - Plutos largest moon, and glimpses of the smaller ones. These were named Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. The four smaller moons orbit in circular paths, with Pluto and Charon orbiting together like the bulls-eye of a target. Planetary scientists suspect that Plutos moons formed in the aftermath of a titanic collision between at least two objects that occurred in the distant past. Pluto and Charon settled into a locked orbit with each other, while the other moons scattered out to more distant orbits. Charon Plutos largest moon, Charon, was first discovered in 1978, when an observer at the Naval Observatory captured an image of what looked almost like a bump growing out the side of Pluto. Its about half the size of Pluto, and its surface is mostly grayish with mottled areas of reddish material near one pole. That polar material is made up of a substance called tholin, which is made up of methane or ethane molecules, sometimes combined with nitrogen ices, and reddened by constant exposure to solar ultraviolet light. The ices form as gases from Pluto transfer from and get deposited onto Charon (which lies only about 12,000 miles away). Pluto and Charon are locked in an orbit that takes 6.3 days and they keep the same face toward each other all the time. At one time, scientists considered calling these a binary planet, and there is some consensus that Charon itself could be a dwarf planet. Even though Charons surface is frigid and icy, it turns out to more than 50 percent rock in its interior. Pluto itself is more rocky, and covered with an icy shell. Charons icy covering is mostly water ice, with patches of other material from Pluto, or coming from under the surface by cryovolcanoes. New Horizons  got close enough, no one was sure what to expect about Charons surface. So, it was fascinating to see the greyish ice, colored in spots with the tholins. At least one large canyon splits the landscape, and there are more craters in the north than the south. This suggests that something happened to resurface Charon and cover many old craters. The name Charon comes from the Greek legends of the underworld (Hades). He was the boatman sent to ferry the souls of the deceased over the river Styx. In deference to the discoverer of Charon, who referenced his wifes name for the world, its spelled Charon, but pronounced SHARE-on.   The Smaller Moons of Pluto Styx, Nyx, Hydra and Kerberos are tiny worlds that orbit between two and four times the distance that Charon does from Pluto. Theyre oddly shaped, which lends credence to the idea that they formed as part of a collision in Plutos past. Styx was discovered in 2012 as astronomers were using Hubble Space Telescope to search the system for moons and rings around Pluto. It appears to have an elongated shape, and is about 3 by 4.3 miles. Nyx orbits out beyond Styx, and was found in 2006 along with distant Hydra. Its about 33 by 25 by 22 miles across, making it somewhat oddly shaped, and it takes nearly 25 days to make one orbit of Pluto. It may have some of the same tholins as Charon spread across its surface, but New Horizons didnt get close enough to get many details. Hydra is the most distant of Plutos five moons, and New Horizons  was able to get a fairly good image of it as the spacecraft went by. There appear to be a few craters on its lumpy surface. Hydra measures about 34 by 25 miles and takes about 39 days to make one orbit around Pluto. The most mysterious-looking moon is Kerberos, which looks lumpy and misshapen in the New Horizons mission image. It appears to be a double-lobed world about 11 12 x 3 miles across. It takes just over 5 days to make one trip around Pluto. Not much else is known about Kerberos, which was discovered in 2011 by astronomers using Hubble Space Telescope. How Did Plutos Moons Get Their Names? Pluto is named for the god of the underworld in Greek mythology. So, when astronomers wanted to name the moons in orbit with it, they looked to the same classical mythology. Styx is the river that dead souls were supposed to cross to get to Hades, while Nix is the Greek goddess of darkness. Hydra is a many-headed serpent thought to have battled with the Greek hero Heracles. Kerberos is an alternate spelling for Cereberus, the so-called hound of Hades who guarded the gates to the underworld in mythology. Now that New Horizons is well beyond Pluto, its next target is a small dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt. It will pass by that one on January 1, 2019. Its first reconnaissance of this distant region taught much about the Pluto system and the next one promises to be equally interesting as it reveals more about the solar system and its distant worlds.

Statement of Purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Of Purpose - Personal Statement Example egree from a university in the United States of America would be a better chance for me to have more exposure, not just academically but also in other aspects of life. I therefore intend to use my master’s program scholarship that I have gotten from the government in the US as opposed to in Saudi Arabia. Following that, I have a curious interest in a number of universities in the United States where I can take up my master’s degree program and after much Endeavour, I have settles for the university of (insert university here). I believe the University of (Insert University here) has the resources I need, right from a dedicated faculty to a vibrant student community. This is why I would be so pleasured to get a position in this university to complete my master’s degree. I am therefore humbly applying and hoping to get a positive feedback as I embark to further my studies in this discipline that that has been my first love in academics. I also believe that I will not only be gaining from the university but will also be a worthwhile and useful addition to the student community. I am a vibrant student and I fully believe that education is not only about books, but goes beyond just studying. I believe education is less useful if one cannot be part of a social system that utilizes this education. In this respect, I always engage in more than education and I believe my coordination skills and intuition will be found useful by my fellow students as well as the faculty as and the university at large. I believe that getting an opportunity to study in the University of (Insert University here) will help me to not only explore and expand my academic talent but will also help me to use my other talents for the good of the university. This is because I believe that learning is as much a process of teaching and I hope to help undergraduate students to become better students. Studying in the University Of Tabuk gave me some useful experience that I believe will be good for

The septuagint and it's origins Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The septuagint and it's origins - Research Paper Example It is significant to note that the Septuagint had its emergence or origin in Alexandria (Hengel 25-27). In addition, it was broadly utilized among the Hellenistic Jews. The Greek translation was conducted because many Jews in the empire started to lose their original Hebrew language. The Letter of Aristeas started that about 72 Jews writers were mandated during the rule of Ptolemy Philadelphus to conduct the work of translation. Therefore, the word Septuagint refers to seventy in Latin Language and the scripture is called so to acknowledge the 72 Jews scholars. It is difficult to tell the exact century and place in which the translation was done but renowned Jews scholars such as Aristobulus who lived in the 2nd century asserted that the description of the policy or law into Greek was finished during the rule of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Due to this, it has been acknowledged that the translation commenced during this time. It is recorded in the letter of the Aristeas that when the transl ation was read in front of the Jewish priests, people and princes in Alexandria who identified and praised the excellent conformity of the translation with the original Hebrew. On the other hand, the widely accepted origin of the Septuagint holds that according to the Pentateuch, the Jews people in the 2nd and 3rd century were many in Egypt, particularly in Alexandria in that at one point, they comprised of the two-fifths of the total population (Abraham 55). Gradually, the Jews people stopped using the Hebrew language and began to forget it, which posed a risk of them forgetting the law. However, it became customary for to explain and interpret the law, which was read in the temple or synagogue, and it was usual that after some time, some people zealous for the policy or law should have commenced to collect and compile a Greek translation of the law or the Pentateuch (Mclay 39-42). This process took place in the middle of the 3rd century. It is important to note that as to the othe r Hebrew Scriptures-the historical and prophetical-it was usual that the Jews living in Alexandria were using the translated law or Pentateuch in their church or liturgical services. In addition, the desire to read the remaining scriptures led to the gradual translation into Greek, which had become their original language. This in turn implied that the Hebrew language was diminishing and dying daily. It is not easy to figure out the exact time in which the translations were made but it can be deduced that Pentateuch or law, historical, prophets and other scriptures or books such as hagiographies existed in Greek as early as the 2nd century. It is also difficult to know the exact number of the translators but it is said that they were seventy or seventy tow as stated in the Brassac-Vigouroux narration. On the other hand, the Talmudists argue that the law or Pentateuch was translated by five people. History offers us no precise figure but the scriptures reveal that the authors were di stinct for different scriptures (Wegner 61-4). Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible or book is a word applied to refer to the accepted anthology or collection of Jewish scripture that are the common source of the Old Testament scriptures. These books are

Binh Danh Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Binh Danh - Research Paper Example In his words, "Its almost my religious practice when I make my own artwork because Im coming up with my own concept about what is life, what is death, what is consciousness, what is history.† (Sparks, 2006). Binh Danh has tried to pay respect through his work to the people who have suffered during the war of Vietnam; the soldiers, the common man and the children who lost their parents during the brutality of war. In Binh Danh’s own words, â€Å" for me its becomes almost a religion, it’s almost my own religious practice when I make my own artwork, because I am coming up with my own concept of what is life and what is death, what is consciousness and what is history† (Sparks, 2006). Binh Danh has derived his inspiration from the life he had seen in Vietnam; the war, the tragic incidents of life and death that moved around him. His work displays more reality and it is closer to the bitter realities and life circumstances faced by every Vietnamese. His main theme of the work is focused on the subject of life and death. His photographs reflect the memories of his stay in Vietnam which made him suffered in a bad way. His images portray violence, blood, death and war scenes that are scribbled on his mind. His images clearly tell the scenes of war in Vietnam and the political crisis that overall affected the wheel of economy of the country. Binh Danh used a uniquely different technique in his photography which distinguishes his work from the rest of the work. He invented his own technique which is different from what was being used by the other artists. His technique is innovative and as well as, it is organic in nature. His style is also known as chlorophyll technique in which the artist uses the most suitable leaf to take a print on it. Sometimes he picks fresh leaves for more clear images and sometimes, he also picks leaves which are marred

Online Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Relationships - Essay Example In fact, virtual teams have become so important that many companies cannot do well without them because of the fact that some of the most brilliant ideas tend to come from such teams. The heavy reliance of these companies on the virtual teams has come to make them indispensable and because of this, they have come to attract dynamic groups of individuals from all over the world and this has enabled the development of ideas at a grand scale since they are a merger of ideas from diverse cultures. As a result, virtual teams have become essential in the modern economic world and it is most likely that they are here to stay. Working in virtual teams can be said to be a way through which employees of some organizations or institutions are allowed to work away from a centralized workplace, using available information technologies. In such cases, these individual do not have to go to work, and instead, they send and receive whatever assignments they have online, and this ensures that they are able to work from the comfort of their own homes and at their own time. Such working arrangements involve individuals within the virtual team working at a place, which is convenient for them. This may include at home, or at a coffee shop and this trend can be said to have been growing for more than thirty years and it is increasingly becoming popular especially because of the fact that many companies have little office space to spare. Virtual teams have been taken advantage of by many companies because they not only save on office space, but they also allow these companies to get more work done by having more employees without having to create space for them to work. In addition, because of the global availability of the internet, it has become easier to employ individuals from all over the world irrespective of their nationalities or cultural backgrounds. When working within virtual teams, the home might up becoming the workplace of those individuals involved in them and to make i t more of a comfortable working environment, such an individual will always equip with the necessary accessories. Even if the individuals in the team work at the office, on the other hand, it also gives them the ability to be able to collaborate with others on the same field not only in writing but also in the development of projects that come from the different ideas from the various members of the team. Since most of the individuals who work in virtual team can work from anywhere, either in their homes or at their offices, the differences between home and work eventually become blurred, and the privacy, which the home previously provided, is lost. This means that the home is no longer seen to be a refuge from a hard day’s work, but an extension of the workplace and it is possible that such situations may be problematic for some of these individuals because it leads to an increase in work related stress. In addition, the traditional way through which people worked and intera cted at the office is lost, since the close proximity and interpersonal interactions, which could be achieved at the workplace, is lost. Virtual teams encourage the isolation of an individual from any form of social life and this may be detrimental to their mental health. In conclusion, it can be said that virtual teaming is a growing trend

Huckleberry Finn or Uncle Tom Cabin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Huckleberry Finn or Uncle Tom Cabin - Essay Example ano)-to a slave trader. Although Emily Shelby despises such an idea as she had assured her maid that her child, in no way , would be sold; Emily's son, George Shelly (Thomas Fritsch), detests to see Tom leaving as he finds him as his great friend and guide. Eliza , on the first impression, appears to be a very weak woman.Eavesdropping on Mr. and Mrs. Shelby she comes to know aabout their plans to sell Tom and Harry, when she resolves to flee with her son. From the film it appears that Eliza's decision comes not from her courage or confidence not to bow down to injustice, but by her fear of losing her onlyliving child (she already lost two children owing to miscarriage). Next we see her leaving the house of Arthur and Eliza Emily Shelby that night, leaving a letter admitting guilt to her mistress. But why should she The answer is to be found in the novel which the film follows strictly. In the novel Stowe portrayed like Eliza, as an as the "ideal Christian"(Athena, 1995). Later critics have observed that Stowe's female characters are often " domestic cliches", weak rather than strong and realistic women(Lowance et al, 1994). Stowe's puritinical values show up in the novels final, overriding subject matter -- the search of the nature of Christinaity and how Christianity goes aginst slavery that also overshadows the film , the theme being most evident when we see Tom insisting St. Clare(O.W. Fisher) to "look away to Jesus" after the death of St. Clare's dearest daughter little Eva ( the white young girl whoTom saves fron drowing down Mississipi river while he is sold and placed on a boat sailing down the and with whom he befriends a young white girl. Augustine St.Clare, the grateful father of Eva, in return, Eva's father, buys Tom from the slave trader and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans while Tom and Eva starts to come closer owing to the the deep Christian faith they both share). After Tom's death , waxing lyrical about Tom George Shelby, says, "What a thing it is to be a Christian.". Christianity as theme dominating over the novel makes the film appear like a lecture where women are always to be depicited as submissive and yeilding, carinng only to motherhood. Those women who are depicted as Villainous here, are the typse that donot conform to Christianity. For example, the wife of St.Clare (Eleonara Rossi-Drago). After St. Clare is gravely stabbed while trying to stop a fight intervening in a fight Mrs St.Clare breaks her late husband's promise and sells Tom at mart to a brutal plantation owner named Simon Legree( Herbert Lom).Legree , not an indigenous southerner but a relocated Yankee. This very act of Mrs St.Clare suggests that the film has the message that women , if not belonging to the meek, religious values teaching submissio can become ruthlessly cruel to counteract their male partners, in this case the good and sincere St.Clare. We also see

Online Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Relationships - Essay Example In fact, virtual teams have become so important that many companies cannot do well without them because of the fact that some of the most brilliant ideas tend to come from such teams. The heavy reliance of these companies on the virtual teams has come to make them indispensable and because of this, they have come to attract dynamic groups of individuals from all over the world and this has enabled the development of ideas at a grand scale since they are a merger of ideas from diverse cultures. As a result, virtual teams have become essential in the modern economic world and it is most likely that they are here to stay. Working in virtual teams can be said to be a way through which employees of some organizations or institutions are allowed to work away from a centralized workplace, using available information technologies. In such cases, these individual do not have to go to work, and instead, they send and receive whatever assignments they have online, and this ensures that they are able to work from the comfort of their own homes and at their own time. Such working arrangements involve individuals within the virtual team working at a place, which is convenient for them. This may include at home, or at a coffee shop and this trend can be said to have been growing for more than thirty years and it is increasingly becoming popular especially because of the fact that many companies have little office space to spare. Virtual teams have been taken advantage of by many companies because they not only save on office space, but they also allow these companies to get more work done by having more employees without having to create space for them to work. In addition, because of the global availability of the internet, it has become easier to employ individuals from all over the world irrespective of their nationalities or cultural backgrounds. When working within virtual teams, the home might up becoming the workplace of those individuals involved in them and to make i t more of a comfortable working environment, such an individual will always equip with the necessary accessories. Even if the individuals in the team work at the office, on the other hand, it also gives them the ability to be able to collaborate with others on the same field not only in writing but also in the development of projects that come from the different ideas from the various members of the team. Since most of the individuals who work in virtual team can work from anywhere, either in their homes or at their offices, the differences between home and work eventually become blurred, and the privacy, which the home previously provided, is lost. This means that the home is no longer seen to be a refuge from a hard day’s work, but an extension of the workplace and it is possible that such situations may be problematic for some of these individuals because it leads to an increase in work related stress. In addition, the traditional way through which people worked and intera cted at the office is lost, since the close proximity and interpersonal interactions, which could be achieved at the workplace, is lost. Virtual teams encourage the isolation of an individual from any form of social life and this may be detrimental to their mental health. In conclusion, it can be said that virtual teaming is a growing trend

Music is good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music is good - Essay Example Music is very important. Whenever I feel stressed up and incapable of moving on, music has always been a tool for self-consolation and encouragement. Moreover, music offers best motivational tool when doing certain works. As can be proved, the sounds and rhythms triggered by various forms of music can drive one into dancing that mainly involves the multidirectional movement of the body parts. These movements help in maintaining physical, emotional and psychological fitness that are good for healthy living. Training in music requires extra commitment and punctuality that in turn demands good organization of individual’s programs. Adherence to these demands automatically helps in developing self-discipline in the individual musician. In conclusion, music is an essential component of societal life as it majorly targets at shaping societies in more positive manner. Music has the required potentials of helping an individual child develop quick and perfect linguistic skills. Recurrent exposure to various sounds and tones of music helps in nurturing the cognitive development of an individual child as it enhances listening, speaking and reading skills of an individual listener. Music is also consolatory tool especially when individuals undergo stress and emotional discord. Music is also vital motivational tool especially when individuals perform various types of work. Music makes has the potential of making otherwise difficult tasks appear easy as it stimulates concentration and happiness.

Video game controversy Essay Example for Free

Video game controversy Essay Technology has (had) come a long way since the early years of life. The use of technology to humans, is to enhance or improve whatever it may be to have a much quicker advancement or have a better and easy going lifestyle. But in the more recent years, technology has turned for the worst. Specifically speaking, video games. Video games in its early years were meant for a positive use, much like any other type of game; to simply act as a fun activity to pass time. That is not the case anymore because of how dangerously advanced and addicting video games can be. In fact it’s so dangerous nowadays that countries like South Korea are contemplating whether or not to ban video games. Why is it dangerous? Video games influence a type of negative social behavior, has a direct correlation to the cause of Insomnia, and is relevant to the increasing obesity rates in America. Playing video games can lead to many negative effects on a person. Video Games influence a type of negative social behavior. â€Å"The effects of videophilia are substantial and include obesity, attention disorders, lack of socialization and poor academic performance† (Video Game Addiction). The person (game player) may lose social skills and qualities depending on the level of video game addiction. Usually, the player is spending so much time on the game that he/ she is neglecting other areas of life. A common sign of video game addiction is constantly talking about the game almost constantly. â€Å" It is more likely to talk down upon a peer after a violent video game session† (Tiret). These types of social skills are not acceptable to continuously practice. The people that talk down on peers because of the violent video game session could go into depression or anxiety because of what others say or think about them. Young Children love playing rated M 18+ games that contain violence and other profound content (Parks). â€Å" the more time children and teens spend playing violent video games the more likely they are to display aggressive behavior† (Tiret). The more violent the game is, the more violent the player will be. It’s morally wrong to be mean for absolutely no reason towards other human beings. The effects on aggressive behavior can be long lasting (Tiret). A build up in anger is not healthy. If the constant aggression keeps up, the aggressive person will be ostracized by classmates or friends. Insomnia is easily caused by the lack of sleep, which is a common symptom of a video game addict. â€Å"Studies have shown that people deprived of contact with nature were at greater risk of depression and anxiety† (Wilderness Adventure). â€Å"In a study by Breslau and associates, patients with insomnia were nearly 4 times more likely to suffer major depression than those without insomnia† (Johnston). A depressed person will look at everything negatively and have no motivation to go outside. The person may even view his/ her life not even worth living. Stress and depression can be caused by a variety of things resulting in insomnia. Stress may be caused by hours on the computer playing a game without rest. Depression may hit the person, depending on intimacy with the video game, once he/she loses a lot. â€Å" insomnia and its associated daytime sleepiness had significant negative effects on cognitive functioning and impaired their subjects’ ability to perform ordinary tasks† (Johnston). â€Å"Excessive Sleepiness has been linked to learning disabilities in children and cognitive and memory problems in adults† (Johnston). If this keeps up then the next generations will become less capable than the ones before which shouldn’t happen. Remembering what you ate for breakfast will be very difficult. â€Å"Poor sleep hygiene includes an irregular sleep schedule, stimulating activities before bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mayo Clinic). The ‘stimulating activities’ could translate into playing video games before you sleep. The effects of the stimulating activities causes the person to stay awake longer in bed. Some argue video games can be healthy to a person. One of the biggest positive effects video games can have on a person is the fact that makes people happy. As a result, video games have become an easy scapegoat for numerous violent tendencies and social behaviors. Video games are indeed a scapegoat, but it doesn’t hide the fact that the people who play these games as a scapegoat are neglecting themselves from the real world. These people will not get to experience what it’s really like in the real world. Based on solid scientific evidence, video games may actually fill basic human needs that the real world fails to satisfy (Shapiro). This applies to people who have social anxieties causing these people to refrain from the outside even more. The people are not completely solving their problems, only temporarily. It is not the game’s fault for these negative effects. There are millions who play the game and don’t go out and do the negatively portrayed actions on the news. The criminals mention the games’ names and blame the games. Violent games are very influential on a person. â€Å"Reality is too complicated to blame playings games, moving pictures, or letters on a page† (Parks). Games are where people get ideas from. Life is commonly sealed into one perception for a person, and curiosity comes from ideas that have never been heard of before. Addiction of video games can easily lead into obesity which is a dangerous and lethal disease. Video games create an obstacle for children. â€Å"Children today spend an average of 6 hours each day in front of the computer and TV, but less than 4 minutes a day in instructed outdoor play† (Wilderness Adventure). There is an extreme amount of physical inactivity. The calories are not burned which turn into fat later on. â€Å"Getting less than seven hours of sleep a night can cause changes in hormones that increase your appetite† (Mayo Clinic). Less sleep IS a vital cause of obesity. Eating most of your calories at night contributes to weight gain. â€Å"Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths worldwide than underweight† (WHO). Being overweight and obese brings cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and even some cancers. The obese people are not outside and running which leads into no training for the cardiovascular system. While playing video games, gamers do not pay attention to what they eat which could lead into a massive buildup of diabetes. â€Å"More than 40 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2011† (WHO). 41% of certain cancer burdens are attributable to overweight and obesity. Children who play video games fit into this category. The topic of video games being perceived as a positive thing today is growing out of hand. It’s like spreading a humongous lie to gullible innocents. Affecting social behavior in a negative manner, causing obesity, and developing insomnia are serious matters. The negative effects of playing video games are severe and the idea of playing video games should not be taken lightly.

Homelessness Causes and Effects

Homelessness Causes and Effects Homeless People What would it be like to be homeless? Imagine not knowing where you will sleep tonight. On a practical level, how would it feel not to have a bath for weeks and to wear dirty clothes every day? I think most of us would agree with the line from John Payne’s poem Home, Sweet Home: â€Å"Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home†. Yet thousands of people in the UK have no home of their own. We have all seen people asking for money, who seem to have all their possessions in a plastic bag, and nowhere to go. Although these people who are sleeping rough in doorways are the most visible, homelessness also includes those who are placed in hostels, bed and breakfast or other temporary accommodation, or local authority housing. It is difficult to understand how people become homeless and research shows that they are all ages, from all areas and backgrounds. There are charities that support the homeless and Centrepoint is a national organisation that focuses on young people. It provides emergency night shelters and short stay hostels. Their research shows that more than 80% of the young people who turn to Centrepoint for help are homeless due to family breakdown, abuse or eviction. Some young people become homeless following the death of a parent. It seems a double blow to be bereaved and homeless. However, often these vulnerable young people find themselves sleeping rough before seeking help. Many of these 16 to 20 year olds have no qualifications or means of supporting themselves financially. I feel that if our society wants these people to become self-sufficient, it is essential to offer help in the form of housing, and assisting them to either return to school, or to gain qualifications through training programmes to improve their chances of finding worthwhile employment. Tragically, many homeless young people are â€Å"befriended† by drug addicts or encouraged into prostitution. For those who have run away from home as a result of abuse, one wonders how bad their home circumstances must have been if they would prefer to face the risks of addiction and sexually transmitted disease. Of course it is not only young people who become homeless. Older people can face homelessness when they lose their jobs and are evicted from their homes because they cannot pay the rent. Sometimes these people have physical or mental health problems as well. Unfortunately in some circumstances these people either have no family, or their families are unable or unwilling to help them. Single homeless people are not a high priority for housing assistance and are therefore more likely to be sleeping rough, huddled under a bridge, trying to keep warm with newspapers. Other homeless people are ex-offenders. They have paid for their crime and yet they find themselves unable to find a job and therefore without resources. It is sad that many people coming out of prison have nowhere to go and may eventually end up in prison again. Often these people have been exposed to drugs in prison and will resort to dealing as a means of making money. Anyone is capable of turning to crime out of desperation, ending up harming others in an attempt to steal money. If people become homeless as a result of family breakdown or employment problems, should we not as a society make a stronger effort to help these people? Homelessness and having no money creates a climate for crime which is what we want to prevent. One of the ways of preventing it could be to offer more support to people before they find themselves homeless. For example, young people could have anonymous safe places to go to if they are in abusive situations. They should know that there is at least one adult at school who they can talk to, or a number they can phone. Although there are charities offering phone line assistance, it is not sufficient. The people who receive the least sympathy, it seems, are the mothers with small children. Although they may not be sleeping rough, these families are often in very cramped accommodation and they cannot really make it feel like a home. If they are fortunate enough to be given council housing they are often envied or disliked by others and made to feel that they have been given something they do not deserve. However, we do not know their circumstances and they may have been the victims of sexual abuse or domestic violence. It would be far better for them and their children to be in a safe place than to risk further violence. Homelessness is a problem all over the world. Places affected by flooding and earthquakes suddenly have thousands of people whose homes have been demolished and who have no possessions. Places in Africa that experience severe drought conditions force people to try to find food elsewhere. Unfortunately the result is often groups of homeless people who are starving.According to the United Nations, more than 100 million people worldwide have no housing whatsoever. This becomes a serious Human Rights issue and although we might like to think it is mainly a problem in the developing countries, the truth is that in first world countries such as the UK and United States, the number of homeless is growing. Although it is helpful to donate to charities who offer help, or to give people food, more needs to be done. Adequate housing needs to be available and we have to change our attitude towards people who may be in dire circumstances through no fault of their own. Bibliography Capdevila, G HUMAN RIGHTS: More Than 100 Million Homeless Worldwide http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=28086 Payne, J Clari; or, the Maid of Milan: an Opera. London: John Miller, 1823. See http://www.poetry-archive.com/p/home_sweet_home.html Pleace, N and Fitzpatrick, S (2004) Centrepoint Youth Homelessness index http://www.centrepoint.org.uk/documents/Centrepoint_YorkResearch-report.pdf

Oedipus Essay -- Literary Analysis, Sophocles

Anger is expressed through a variety of reasons. Vague with many divisions and levels, it comprises of different types. Anger is a powerful emotion that reveals the state of a person. Often, this emotion is uncontrollable because it is used to recompense for what has been lost and creates positive and negative effects. Particularly, it is evident when expectations and goals are unfulfilled or do not meet reality. In Sophocles’s Oedipus the King and Shusaku Endo’s Silence, the protagonists experience anger for reasons that differ. Sebastian Rodrigues's non-acceptance towards others for their lack of moral values and dignity together with Oedipus's hubris and indignation bring a similar result of emotional change. Led by pride, s shows asperity towards those that he feels have the audacity to unfairly mistreat him. When Tiresias refuses to inform him of the murderer, Oedipus answers â€Å"What, nothing? You miserable old man! You’d drive a stone to fury. Do you still refuse? Your flinty heart set in hopeless stubbornness† (Sophocles 19). Through his questions, his anger is aroused. â€Å"Old man† (Sophocles 19) is a connotation to degrade Tiresias while the â€Å"stone† (Sophocles 19) is personified to erupt from anger due to his loathsomeness. Likewise, his heart is personified to be recreant for scheming together with a supposed assassin. After Tiresias divulges that Oedipus is guilty, Oedipus alleges, â€Å"So this is what he wants, Creon the loyal, Creon so long my friend! Stealing up to overthrow and snatch!† (Sophocles 22). Accusing Creon through his sarcastic tone, positive adjectives such as â€Å"loyal† (Sophocles 22) and â€Å"friend† (Sophocles 22) otherwise heightens a sense of betrayal. As he is unjustly surmised, chided and accused as self-cen... ...d the possibilities are hindered by pride, and the most unexpected and impossible can occur. Frequently, people are oblivious to their own flaws by unknowingly holding the same malfeasance and chiding others. By judging others, they become the very aspect and evil that they hate. Oedipus’s anger, while incognizant about the entire plight, seems more justifiable than that of Rodrigues who continues criticizing people after having seen the entire perspective of the situation. He focuses on the narrower view rather than evaluating it as a whole. Both characters exhibit different sides of anger and pose the question, ‘what extent anger is justifiable?’ Perhaps the message that the authors’ intended to convey was that human beings are biased based on their limited point of view, and therefore fallible. This is an ongoing and innate flaw that we must learn from. Oedipus Essay -- Literary Analysis, Sophocles Anger is expressed through a variety of reasons. Vague with many divisions and levels, it comprises of different types. Anger is a powerful emotion that reveals the state of a person. Often, this emotion is uncontrollable because it is used to recompense for what has been lost and creates positive and negative effects. Particularly, it is evident when expectations and goals are unfulfilled or do not meet reality. In Sophocles’s Oedipus the King and Shusaku Endo’s Silence, the protagonists experience anger for reasons that differ. Sebastian Rodrigues's non-acceptance towards others for their lack of moral values and dignity together with Oedipus's hubris and indignation bring a similar result of emotional change. Led by pride, s shows asperity towards those that he feels have the audacity to unfairly mistreat him. When Tiresias refuses to inform him of the murderer, Oedipus answers â€Å"What, nothing? You miserable old man! You’d drive a stone to fury. Do you still refuse? Your flinty heart set in hopeless stubbornness† (Sophocles 19). Through his questions, his anger is aroused. â€Å"Old man† (Sophocles 19) is a connotation to degrade Tiresias while the â€Å"stone† (Sophocles 19) is personified to erupt from anger due to his loathsomeness. Likewise, his heart is personified to be recreant for scheming together with a supposed assassin. After Tiresias divulges that Oedipus is guilty, Oedipus alleges, â€Å"So this is what he wants, Creon the loyal, Creon so long my friend! Stealing up to overthrow and snatch!† (Sophocles 22). Accusing Creon through his sarcastic tone, positive adjectives such as â€Å"loyal† (Sophocles 22) and â€Å"friend† (Sophocles 22) otherwise heightens a sense of betrayal. As he is unjustly surmised, chided and accused as self-cen... ...d the possibilities are hindered by pride, and the most unexpected and impossible can occur. Frequently, people are oblivious to their own flaws by unknowingly holding the same malfeasance and chiding others. By judging others, they become the very aspect and evil that they hate. Oedipus’s anger, while incognizant about the entire plight, seems more justifiable than that of Rodrigues who continues criticizing people after having seen the entire perspective of the situation. He focuses on the narrower view rather than evaluating it as a whole. Both characters exhibit different sides of anger and pose the question, ‘what extent anger is justifiable?’ Perhaps the message that the authors’ intended to convey was that human beings are biased based on their limited point of view, and therefore fallible. This is an ongoing and innate flaw that we must learn from.

Explore Different Types Of Essays And Examples

Exploring The Different Types Of Essays And Examples ~ our site Essay writing is going to help you create a stream of academic success. If you can do this, you will excel in nearly all major arenas of writing, and education. But that’s not just a matter of school. You’re going to find that you can explore different types of essays to ensure that you’re working through writing for industry and learning as well. If you can write an essay well, you can write just about anything, and may find yourself offering companies a lot more than other employees that they may be looking into hiring. This is a great option that you’ll no doubt want to explore, especially if you want to ensure that you’re able to gain the upper hand in the job market today. The following will help you explore the major types of essays that you should know about. This will help you understand the bigger picture of what’s going on with writing in academia and beyond.Narrative Style The first option that you’re going to want to consider is that of narrative essays. This is a solution that lets you tell a story from the perspective of first person view points. It’s something that you are going to help create elements that will help you create lavish stories and more. You can sometimes see this in literature, where documentation in journals and more are written. The book â€Å"Dracula† for instance, has this narrative style, and it looks like an essay in many chapters that collect to form the larger picture of the story. Narrative essays are usually personal, and can help put forward real-life experiences for others to read etc. You can create a conclusion at the end, or you can leave it open ended, depending on what the purpose of the essay assignment truly is.Descriptive Style The next thing that you will need to consider is simple, descriptive style. This is a solution that lets you be more descriptive in what you’re writing. You will be writing like you were creating a short story or a novel. You’ll use descriptions that are absolutely focused on deeper elements, and meaning that goes beyond just telling a story. This is a novelization and narrative style that is more descriptive than the first essay style. It’s an interesting push forward that will give you details about the subject matter on a lot of deeper elements. It will no doubt help you gain the upper hand in whatever it is you’re trying to discuss with people, as it works with transitional elements from first person to second and even third person if need be.Expository StyleThe third type of essay that you may be asked to create is that of a factual essay option. This is an academic solution that is going to help you create definitive narration through media and statistics. This can be sometimes boring to write, but it’s an important aspect to consider. It’s something that helps you create outstanding avenues of comparative and contrasting elements. You will write how to, cause and effect, and much more. This is not a matter of personal elements. You will not use â€Å"I† or â€Å"me†, or anything personal elements. This is structured in an academic form that uses facts, citations, data, and more. This is the same type of options that get published in serious publications, and even medical journals. This is meant for academia and not much else.Persuasive Style The fourth solution that you are going to want to learn about is that of persuasive essay styles. This is an option that is going to help you work towards convincing someone of what you’re discussing. This is a writer’s best friend because you can present an argument that will help you gain the upper hand. This is a solution that many teachers are going to ask you to work with. Writers have to create an initial topic and then give arguments for or against it. It’s an interesting solution that will no doubt give you focused work throughout. The writer creates multiple sides of the argument through the presentation of facts, citations, status, points of view, and much more. There’s so much involved with this, that you may find that these could be quite long at times.Academia Demands Different StylesThere’s a lot of students that don’t know how to pick the proper essay format for their education. Do not become one of those students. Instead, learn how to write different types of essays to help you with learning, and much more. You’ll find that you will be able to work through any type of essay style if you work with these essay types. The options listed above will help you gain the upper hand in major types of academic writing and more. Academia will always ask you to write essays. However, the most common are the ones we have covered above. The four above are going to help you with a lot of different elements that could help you get the information that is going to help you get a good grade. If you can work with the different styles above, you will not be surprised by what you will be asked to construct.What’s The Most Common Essay TypeHere’s the thing, the majority of scholastic options are not going to be focused on just â€Å"one† type of essay. We have covered the most common options, however, there maybe others. So, what’s the most common essay typesChances are you’re going to find that persuasive, and expository are the ones you will be asked to write most frequently. These are going to be the most common that you’ll have to turn into school past the college level. As you get closer to the masters and doctorate level, you’ll find that you’ll end up with a lot of writing. Now, there are times when the first two types of essay writing will be asked to be put together. For instance, you’ll find that if you’re going to apply to a college, so you’ll be working with with narrative essays. Descriptive essays will be more for creative circles, however. Either way, you should be familiar with these four major types of essays as you build towards academic glory. If you are worried that you need to survive the University, head over to our site and let our expert writers help you write a top class essay, on time and to the highest possible quality. We are often asked, can our site help me Write My Essay, the answer is of course. In addition, we provide free guidance to our clients on what to look for when you are choosing the best Essay Writing Company. You may also be interested in reading about:How to avoid Plagiarism in an EssayHow to avoid Plagiarism in a Dissertation

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay

Ralph Waldo Emerson, who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century, once wrote, â€Å"The virtue in most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its aversion. † The Transcendentalist were a group of people who believed that everyone was equal and had power inside them as an individual. In the mid-19th century Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman were the main writers and thinkers of the transcendentalist movement. In the 1960’s as African American’s fought for civil rights in a cruel society. William Melvin Kelly combines the two in the book â€Å"A Different Drummer. † This book tells the story of Tucker Caliban, a black farmer who encourages a huge amount of blacks to leave the south when he decides to salt his crops and burn down his house and leave. Tucker embodies the characteristics of a Transcendentalist according to Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman in three ways: he does what he wants without an explanation, he’s self-reliant, and he fights a corrupt system in his own way. Tucker does what he wants without an explanation or logic. Tucker stays out all night to teach Dewey how to ride a bike, even though his grandfather would be mad. Tucker also burned his house down and salted his crops without explaining this to his wife or to anyone else. Tucker writes Dewey a letter in college, he ask about the bike he taught him to ride. Dewey doesn’t understand why because Tucker really didn’t explain what he wanted to know about the bike. This shows Tucker really doesn’t tell anyone his logic behind his actions. â€Å"To be great is to be misunderstood†, Emerson. This quote refers to Tucker because he is misunderstood by the whites. This shows he’s also self-reliant and free spirited. Tucker Caliban is self-reliant and unique. Tucker self taught himself to farm and ride a bike. He also doesn’t believe in the civil rights movement which most other blacks strongly believe in. He also believes everyone has to free themselves or else there not really free. This shows that Tucker Caliban is not just any other black, he’s unique. But he also fights the south’s corrupt system in his own one of a kind way. â€Å"We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of us represents. † This quote refers to Tucker because he is different and others are afraid to be different. Tucker Caliban is a rebel and he fights the system. He burned down his house and salted his crops because that’s where the slaves worked for the Willsons. He broke the grandfather clock because it was bought the same day as the African. He cut down the tree that separated his land from the Willisons, that was there from the days of slavery. He did all of this to cut his ties from slavery and from the south.† Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of everyone of its members. † This refers to the south and other blacks like Tucker. Therefore Tucker Caliban embodies the characteristics of a Transcendentalist according to Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman in three ways: he does what he wants without an explanation, he’s self-reliant, and he fights a corrupt system in his own way. Tucker’s movement from the south is a strong step in the right direction for racism in the south. To me what Tucker did was strong and no else was strong enough to leave before Tucker did it.

Word Repetition in the Qur’an: Translating Form or Meaning?

J. King Saud Univ. , Vol. 19, Lang. & Transl. , pp. 17-34, Riyadh (A. H. 1427/2006) Word Repetition in the Qur’an – Translating Form or Meaning? Ahmed Ali Assistant Professor, Department of English, Faculty of Languages and Translation, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia (Received 13/10/1426 A. H. ; accepted for publication, 04/04/1427 A. H. ) Abstract. Word repetition is a feature that exists in all languages, and serves different purposes, rhetorical, emphatic, or otherwise. A problematic issue arises when a translation is attempted of repeated words in a target text. The dilemma is that owing to the different ways of expression and tools available to every language, what fits one language may prove absurd in another. When dealing with the translation of repeated words in a sacred text, this proves to be much more problematic. This paper deals with this specific area as far as repeated words in the Holy Qur’an are concerned. The present paper argues that each repeated word in the Qur’anic text serves a particular purpose which may be totally defeated, and, perhaps, the whole message distorted if the translator fails to render repetition in the same way. This, by no means, resolves the repetition conundrum. However, to put it in simple terms, the translator could, in an attempt to maintain the accuracy and faithfulness, and at the same time, maintain the flow of the translation, make use of footnotes to draw the attention of the reader/critic to the actual wording of the original. In this way, the translator minimizes the effect of, at least, the form of the original on the translation. The meaning is (hopefully) preserved, and thereby, the reader/critic – and most importantly – the believer, is satisfied by accounting for all the words in the text involved. Introduction The problems in translating a text from one language to another are legion. For example, it is quite common to find western critics referring to what they claim to be incoherence, inconsistency or lack of harmony in the Qur’anic style (c. f. Hyde Park Christian Fellowship [1] and Ghoneim [2]). Such views ignore the fact that: Ahmed Ali * it is both inconceivable and impossible to judge one language according to the rules of another; * what might be considered elegant style, or legitimate form, or appropriate function in one language is not necessarily looked upon the same way in another; * different languages very often express the same thing differently, necessitating different phrasing in expression in translation; * there is no perfect synonymy or exact equivalence between languages in translation. there will always be a â€Å"translation loss† of different degrees as a result of not only linguistic, but also cultural factors. Therefore, no translation can be the original, even when the translation may seem to be â€Å"better† than the original. The inherently problematic nature of translation is further complicated when the principal text, as is the case with the Holy Qur’an, is considered to b e a sacred one, containing the inspiration for a complete way of life. In such a case, accuracy in translation becomes a religious and moral duty, not merely a linguistic or logistical exercise. Since it would be impossible here to discuss the complexities encountered by innumerable translators in the field of translating the Qur’an, this paper focuses on one small — but not inconsiderable — aspect encountered in the sacred text, that is, the issue of repetition. The Qur'an Muslims believe that the religion preached in Arabia by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to be Allah’s (God’s) final revelation to humanity. For Muslims, the Qur’an, which is Allah’s words revealed to humankind, supplements and completes the earlier revelations on which all theistic religions are built and corrects the human interference and misinterpretations that corrupted and adulterated those earlier revelations. The whole of the Qur’an is arranged into 114 suwar (singular: surah) of unequal size, though a logical thread of meaning — of revelation from Allah — runs through them all. Each surah, which means degree or step, consists f a number of verse divisions, which are called ayat (singular: ayah) which are usually determined by the rhythm and cadence in the Arabic text. Sometimes, an ayah, meaning a sign, contains many sentences. Sometimes, a sentence is divided by a break in an ayah; but, usually, there is a pause in meaning at the end. The ayah is the true unit of the Qur’an, since â€Å"it is a verse of revelation as a sign of God’s wisdom and goodness, just as m uch as God’s beautiful handiwork in the material creation or His dealings in history are signs to us† (Ali [3, p. 3]). The Qur’an, therefore, is the Holy Writ, sent down to us, as surah al-Nahl reveals: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [explaining all things, a guide, a mercy, and glad tidings to Muslim] (Qur’an 16:89). Word Repetition in the Qur’an – Translating Form or Meaning? The Qur’an exists in its original language, i. e. , Arabic. Muslim scholars unanimously agree that the Qur’an is only the Qur’an when it is in Arabic, in its original wording as revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Cook [4, p. 94] refers to Ibn Hizam (d. 1064), a scholar of Muslim Spain, who stated laconically that â€Å"NonArabic isn’t Arabic, so it’s not the Qur’an†. This is derived from the fact that there are eleven references in ten Qur’anic suwar Al-Laithy [5, p. 46] confirming exactly this notion. By way of example, surah Fussilat states: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [And if We had sent this as a Qur’an in a foreign language (other than Arabic), they would have said: â€Å"Why are not its ayat explained (in our language)? What! (A book) not in Arabic and (the Messenger) an Arab. ] (Qur’an 41:44). As Ali [3, p. xi], in his preface to the first edition of his translation of the Holy Qur’an, states, it is the duty of every Muslim — m an, woman or child — to read the Qur’an and understand it according to his own capacity. For non-Arabic Muslims, this poses something of a problem. As Cook [4, p. 8] points out, Arabic is not just the original language of the Qur’an (as ancient Hebrew was the original language of the Torah); it is the language of the Qur’an. Therefore, talking about â€Å"translating the Qur’an†, is problematic. The question that needs to be posed is: Is the Qur’an – as a sacred text – translatable? On the one hand, the view of the untranslatability of sacred texts is championed by Stiener’s comments (in Ali [6, p. 174]) on the troubles encountered when translating the word of God. He states in his foreword to Translating Religious Texts [6, p. xiii] â€Å"Here we flounder in deep waters. If a text is ‘revealed’, if its initial encoding is then transferred into a mundane and fallible sign-system, that of secular and post-Adamic speech, to what truth-functions, to what correspondent faithfulness can any translation aspire? † On the other hand, what do we call the well-known â€Å"translations† of Ali [3], Pickthal [7]. Arberry [8], Asad [9] and others? It is the view of the present author that if an original text exists in another language, this second product is a translation. The translation of any text is a means of rewriting the meaning/message of the original text using a target language. Yet, any translation of any text, no matter how immaculate and scholarly, can never be the original, and will always be imperfect and subject to error. Therefore, the Qur’an is translatable, even though the translation might be laden with shortcomings and inaccuracies, and can serve as no more than an introduction to nonArabic speaking audience, Muslims and non-Muslims alike. For the Muslim, anything other than the Arabic original will always be merely an interpretation, an attempt at conveying the message of the Qur’an, and will always be an approximation of the original. Ahmed Abdel-Fattah M. Ali The fact is, though, that conveying the message of the Qur’an has become imperative in the light of global interest – for a variety of reasons – in Islam and in the beliefs and practices of Muslims. As Muslims and Islamic affairs rise more and more to prominence in global politics, the need to access the contents and meaning of the Qur’an, specifically through the medium of English, becomes more pressing. It is how this Holy Writ should be translated that forms the basis of this paper. Orignal and Translated Text As any translator knows, translating from a source language to a target language presents a minefield of complications. In his discussion of issues related to the Soviet school of translation, Lauren G. Leighton [10, p. 17] asserts that few Soviet translators would agree with the dogmatic literalist Vladimir Nabokov’s assertion that one should dismiss the conventional notion that a translation should â€Å"read smoothly†, and â€Å"should not sound like a translation†. Indeed, says Leighton, Nabokov asserts that any translation that does not sound like a translation is bound to be inexact upon inspection. Nabokov’s assertion here justifiably raises the following questions: What are the criteria that produce a translation sounding like a translation? How does a translation, sounding like a translation, sound? There must, by implication, be certain features in the translation itself that makes it sound like one. Does this mean, for example, complete adherence to the linguistic rules of the source language, even at the expense of both the style and the linguistic integrity of the target language? Such an argument raises more questions than answers because ‘how a translation should sound’ is not defined. Whether a translation should sound like a translation or not, does not mean that ‘bad translations’ are admissible. In other words, a translated text should read well and with no clumsiness of style caused by the interference of, for instance, the linguistic rules of the target (or second) language. Still, the majority of the translations of the meaning of the Qur’an actually do sound like translations. The main reason for this is the inevitable impact of the Qur’anic form on the target language. The division of the Qur’an into ayat; the translator’s clear attempt to adhere to the source text’s wording; the importance of the source text; the attempts to follow the Arabic style n the translation; the existence of terms that are untranslatable without detailed footnoting – these are but a few reasons why many Qur’anic translations sound like translations or do not sound natural. This is a difficult problem to tackle. While the aim of translators should be to present the given text in the appropriate style and to conform to the linguistic demands Word Repetition in the Qur’an – Translating Form or Meaning? of the target language, in many cases they might find themselves in a situation where the impact of the source language displays itself glaringly – with sometimes unacceptable yet unavoidable results. Translating Repetition Repetition, as an element of rhetoric, is an important characteristic of Arabic texts (both ancient and modern), as it is in European discourse (Connor [11]). It would not be apposite in a paper on translation to discuss how and why repetition functions as a rhetorical device in Arabic discourse, and the reader should refer to the noteworthy contribution of Al-Jubouri [12] in this regard in the Swales and Mustafa study English for Specific Purposes in the Arab World. Suffice it to say that repetition plays a vital role, specifically in the context of attempts to translate the Qur’an accurately. In the succeeding sections, a brief attempt will be made to locate the incidence of repetition in non-Qur’anic sources merely to show that repetition is a deeply rooted feature in the Arabic discourse. The section after that will discuss repetition in the Qur’an, giving two examples, and then attempt to outline the problems that translating these presents. Repetition in Non-Qur’anic Sources – Examples This dissonance between the source and the target languages refers most particularly (though not uniquely) to the incidence of repetition(1) in Arabic. As an ? ? ? ? Arabic literary critic once wrote: â€Å"A man may say to another ‘? : ’ Hurry up, says: â€Å"(3) hurry up’, and to an archer: ‘? ‘ : ’ Shoot, shoot’. (2) A famous, yet anonymous, poem † ? ? ? [How many favors have you had (upon us) how many, how many and how many (favors have you had) and how many] and another says: (1 ) For more details about ‘Repetition’, see Holes [13, pp. 269-74]; Nasif [14, p. 21]; Ibn Qutaybah [15, p. 10]; Ibn Faris [16, pp. 177-8]; Al-Jubouri [12, pp. 99-117]; Koch [17]; and Tytler [18]. According to Al-Mulla [19, p. 232] quoted from Al-Maydani, pp. 9-108 on Ibn Qayyim, pp. 159-167: â€Å"Ibn Qayyim identifies three types of Repetition in the Qur’an: Repetition with similarity of meaning e. g. Q74:19-20. Repetition with difference of meaning e. g. Q3:7. Repetition of meaning with different wording e. g. Q55:68. † (2) Ibn Qutaybah [15, p. 183]; and Abu Hilal [20, p. 193]. (3) Abu Hilal [20, p. 193]; the poet is not named. This line is also found in Al-Murtada, ’Amali al-Murtada (1954), Vol. 1, p. 84. ‘ ’ is, however, missing from this line in Ibn Qutaybah [15, p. 183], and Ibn ? ? Faris [16, p. 177]. â€Å"(4) Ahmed Abdel-Fattah M. Ali ? ? â€Å" ? ? ? ? ? [Why do you not ask the masses of (the tribe of) Kindah , when they ran away from the battlefield, where, where (did they run away to)? ] where the underlined words are repeated successively. Muhalhal also repeated the following more than twenty times in one of his poems: (5) â€Å" ? â€Å" ? [It was not fair of (the tribe of) Kulayb to (have done)†¦] Al-Harith ibn ‘Abbad successively repeated, with great effect, the half-line: (6) â€Å" â€Å" ? ? ? [Make (you two) close to me Marbit Al-Na’amah (the name of the place where his beloved one lives)]. The above are sundry examples of repetition commonly used in non-Qur’anic sources. The author believes, however, that the repetition employed in these and similar instances are merely rhetorical devices. As such, they are not much different in structure, intent and meaning as that used in European prosody or poetry. Repetition in the Qur'an – Two Examples The Qur’an, being in Arabic, is no exception to the need for the correct citati on and elaboration of the repetitions as linguistic features during translation. However, the Qur’an, as has been pointed out, is a sacred text, and as such, requires more than just This line is ascribed to ‘Abi:d ibn Al-’Abras Al-’Asadi according to Ibn Qutaybah [21, p. 224]. The next line is: ‘ ’ ? ? ? ? ? ? The line is also found in Abu Hilal [20, p. 194], and in Al-Baqillani [22, p. 160], without the name of the poet, (or Al-Baqillani [22, pp. 136-7]). However, the poet is named again in Ibn Qutaybah [15, p. 143] but not in p. 83, where the following line by ‘Auf ibn Al-khari‘ is quoted: â€Å" ? † ? ? ? ? ? ? This latter line is also found in Ibn Faris [16, p. 194], where we have instead â€Å" † and the poet’s name ? is not mentioned, while Baqillani [22, p. 160] quotes it as â€Å" . † ? ? (5) Abu Hilal [20, p. 194]. (6) Abu Hilal [20, p. 194]. (4) Word Repetition in the Qur’an – Translating Form or Meaning? literary critique of its f orm and usages – repetition included. This is because those very forms and usages are intrinsic in, and an essential part of, the sacred message that Muslims believe is the original, unadulterated and incorruptible Word of God. They therefore invite, not mere literary critique, but metaphysical reflection. Let us cite two examples: Example one The opening ayat of surah ’Iqra’ read: ? (? )? ?)? ( ? ? ? ? ? [Read in the name of your Lord who created (1) Created Man of a blood-clot (2)] (Q96:1-2) In this example, the word (created) is repeated twice; and while Read in the ? ame of your Lord who created Man of a blood-clot would read smoothly in English without the reader feeling that something more is needed to make the sentence sound like good English, the result is that the translator has omitted part of the original text. Whether such omission affects the meaning or not, it does not alter the fact that the translation did not cater for an ‘item’ in the original. One might conjec ture, therefore, that, in the science of translation, even if the meaning does not suffer as a result of such omission, all texts are words put together and translators must not forget that they translate on the basis of these words. Newmark [23, pp. 36-37] states: â€Å"Many translators say you should never translate words. You translate sentences or ideas or messages. I think they are fooling themselves. The SL [source language] text consists of words. That is all that is there, on the page. Finally, all you have is words to translate, and you have to account for each of them somewhere in your TL [target language] text, sometimes by deliberately not translating them [†¦ ], or by compensating for them, because if translated cold you inevitably over-translate them. In the example from Surah ’Iqra’ cited above, Q96:1 ends with the word , ? and does not require a complement — unlike create which requires an object. Also, Q96:2, due to the Arabic structure and rules of grammar is a ? complete and meaningful sentence. Yet, if we compare this to English, we find that it goes against the rules of English to start a sentence in the way ayah 2 has been translated, i. e. Created Man o f a blood-clot. While the fa‘il ‘ ?( ’ ubject) position can be filled in Arabic with no other pronoun but He, seven options are available in English to choose from (i. e. I, you, he, Ahmed Abdel-Fattah M. Ali she, it, we and they). Considering the context of Q96:1-2, the translator will have to relate the two ayat together in his translation in order to make sense. The significant difference in Arabic is that each ayah can also stand on its own, separately, as complete and meaningful in itself. The Qur’anic text indicates that the Lord created — that is, He created all things, known and unknown, tangible and intangible, visible and invisible. This sense is conveyed in ayah 1. The vision of the power of creation is then narrowed, in ayah 2, to one specific item, where we are told what He created — indeed, He created mankind. In the Arabic, it is clear that what we have here is a movement in focus between creation in general, and creation in particular. The translated text, without the repetition, reads: Read in the name of your Lord who created man of a blood-clot. This makes the ayat lose the important dimension of generality. It loses, too, the dimension of specificity. Furthermore, the Qur’anic text clearly indicates parallel rhetorical movements -between generality and particularity on the one hand, and between basic and complex on the other. But, these rhetorical movements have metaphysical implications. As has been shown above, the text your Lord who created shows the power of the Lord in His creation of all things. The text Created man is a movement to the particular, showing the power of the Lord in His creation of specific things. At the same time, we must be aware that humankind — one of a host of Allah’s creations — is itself a composite of complex organisms, mechanisms and systems. The uniqueness of humankind (its generality) rests not only in being one of many, but, at the same time, the quintessence of creation (its specificity). Similarly, reference to the blood-clot indicates the basic-to-complex shift. Blood is a basic component in the functioning of the human organism, but is also a complex component in itself. The blood-clot referred to is merely a speck on the lining of the womb, represented by the word , which, apart from meaning blood-clot also carries the meaning of ‘leech-like’, ‘hanging’ and/or ‘clinging’ (c. f. Ibrahim [24, p. 6] and Al-Rehaili [25, p. 1]). Yet, in spite of being so basic a component, and so basic a stage of development, it still comprises all the elements of the complex human embryo. The dynamic between the poles of general-to-specific and the complex-to-basic, is reinforced in the Arabic text by the repetition, that is, the repetition of the word created ? . The repetition acts as a cat alyst whereby the two movements are activated. The Arabic reader, reading the original, is immediately aware of the synonymy. The nonArabic speaker, reading a translation where the repetition has been left out, is not. Word Repetition in the Qur’an – Translating Form or Meaning? Therefore, the string of complexities in meaning having occurred with the use of a repeated word that ties all the involved strings together is lost. Also, the word created ? ends (in the Arabic) with a syllable that rhymes with the last word in ayah 2. As a result, a rhythmic effect is created; it possesses a poetic beat at short intervals emerging from a powerful, intense and meaning-laded pattern. ? This shows clearly the importance of repeating the word ith regard to meaning and rhythm. The translator might not be able to achieve such an effect in the translation because of the target language rules of grammar and the difference in assonance — the sound gap — between the source language and the target language. The wording of the Qur’an is deliberate and every word serves a purpose. Therefore, it is justifiable to say that if a word is repeated in the original it should, if possib le, be repeated in the translation, unless of course the context dictates a different rendering for the repeated word. Unlike other texts (be they sacred or not), when it comes to translating the Holy Qur’an, every word must be catered for. The translator has to account for each and every word in the original text, in addition to considering their meaning in context. Example two Another example, of the literally hundreds to choose from, that can be cited is in Surah Yusuf, which relates the story of Prophet Joseph, may peace be upon him, who says: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [I saw eleven planets and the sun and the moon: I saw them prostrating themselves to me](7) (Qur’an 12:4) (7) Many translations, such as most of the ones used in this work render as ‘star’ not ‘planet’ (see Pickthall [7]); perhaps the translators have been influenced by Genesis 37:9 where Prophet Joseph told his brothers and father about his dream: â€Å"†¦ the sun and the moon and the eleven stars made obeisance to me†. However, in the Arabic translation of the Bible, the verse refers to the word ‘? ’ which is the same as in the Qur’an. One wonders where the translator of this Biblical verse into English, assuming the correctness of the Arabic, got the word ‘star’ from? Genesis 37:9 in Arabic reads: . « :  » ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? c. f. [26]. On the other hand, Al-Nuwayri [27, pp. 38-9 & pp. 61-70] talks about and quotes lines of Arabic poetry where the word kawkab ‘ ’ is used to refer to both planets and stars. The Qur’an uses the word kawkab to refer to a shining body as in Q6:76, Q24:35. See also, the plural form kawakib in Q37:6 and Q82:2. Ahmed Abdel-Fattah M. Ali The verb ‘? ( ’ saw) is repeated twice in the Arabic as well as in the translation, although the translation could have done without such repetition. It would have still made perfect sense if the translation had been: I saw eleven planets, the sun and the moon prostrating themselves to me. (8) We have already said that: the wording of the Qur’an is deliberate; every word serves a purpose; and deformation of the text’s original meaning can occur if the repetition in not adequately catered for in the translation. The above should not be interpreted as a defence of literal translation (see the discussion on Nabokov above) for all kinds of text. Still, it cannot be denied that literal translation can sometimes be a most effective form of translation, therefore its value for certain texts — the Qur’an in particular — should not be devalued. However, if adopting such a method results in inaccuracy, or deviation from the original sense and intent of the source language text, it should be abandoned. Baker [28, p. ] puts it like this: â€Å"[†¦] text is a meaning unit, not a form unit, but meaning is realized through form and without understanding the meanings of individual forms one cannot interpret the meaning of the text as a whole. Translating words and phrases out of context is certainly a futile exercise, but it is equally unhelpful to expect a student to appreciate translation decisions made at the level of text without a reasonable understanding of how the lower le vels, the individual words, phrases, and grammatical structures, control and shape the overall meaning of the text. † After quoting and analyzing many Arabic texts, Johnstone [29, p. 177] concludes: â€Å"An arguer presents truths by making them present in discourse: by repeating them, paraphrasing them, doubling them, calling attention to them with external particles. [†¦ ] Argumentation by presentation has its roots in the history of Arab society [†¦ ] Arabic argumentation is structured by the notion that it is the presentation of an idea — the linguistic forms and the very words that are used to describe it — that is persuasive, not the logical structure of proof which Westerners see behind the words. † The present author challenges Johnstone’s assertion that Arabic resorts to linguistic forms rather than logical structure of proof in the science of persuasion. Such an assertion ignores the fact that it is impossible to prove the truth of anything by merely presenting it as a rhetorical structure like repetition, paraphrase and so forth. Linguistic features of this kind are merely elements of style and discourse, not elements of deductive or inductive argument. Linguistic devices for the purposes of persuasion are (8) It is clear that the connective ‘ ? ’ waw (? ) is also repeated which is one of the features of ? ? Arabic. For details about the uses and functions of the waw, see Holes [13, pp. 217-20]. Word Repetition in the Qur’an – Translating Form or Meaning? used in every language (which, essentially, is what the art of rhetoric is all about). Rhetoric, however, can never substitute for proof — neither in English nor Arabic! What Joh nstone’s argument does do, however, is to shed light on the importance of repetition in Arabic and that, as a feature, it is deeply rooted in the language itself. The example in surah Yusuf cited above provides a relevant dimension to this argument. It is understood that Prophet Joseph (peace be upon him), saw what he believed was real in a dream although he did not say this himself. This is understood from his ? ? father’s answer not to tell his brothers about his dream (your dream) (Q12:5). The repetition of (I saw) indicates that there was not the least doubt in the dreamer’s mind that what he saw was real; it was at least a bit more than just a normal dream. He, of course, could not prove that he saw what he claimed, owing to the very nature of dreams. Therefore, he resorted to that feature in the language that gave his argument the confirmation it needed — and that was repeating the key word (I saw). In this ayah, the reason Prophet Joseph repeated the verb was not to persuade his listeners, but to emphasize that, what he saw, was true. This example shows recourse to a feature of the language when concrete proof cannot be provided. The proof of the veracity of what Prophet Joseph ‘saw†™ lay, not in his linguistic presentation of simply saying it again and again (as claimed by Johnstone [29, p. 155]), but in the physical coming true of his claim – his dream – near the end of the narrative. There is no doubt in the mind of the Arabic-speaking reader of the Qur’an that the repetitive nature of Prophet Joseph’s language is verbally precursive to, and predictive of, an actual event fated to occur by the virtue of God’s divine will. This is not, as Johnstone [29] would have us believe, mere linguistic form in order to persuade or convince, devoid of logical proof. The Prophet’s convictions, emphasized by repetition, serve as testimony to his faith, and to his submission (Islam) to his God. His visions cited by repeated words, confirm his prophethood. The repetition here is no mere rhetorical device — it serves, instead, to confirm the Divine Hand behind the Prophet’s visions and what subsequently occurred. The rational argumentation for the actuality and the veracity of the events is implicit, rather than explicit — and is vested in the repetition. Translating this implicit rational argumentation is not easy. Of course, in cases where explicit rational argumentation (â€Å"logical proof†) is needed, we find that repetition becomes a means that communicates the truth and supports the proof. Ample examples can be found in Surah al-Naml. ?) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?) ( ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ahmed Abdel-Fattah M. Ali ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?) ( ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?) ( ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?) ( ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [Say: Praise be to Allah, and Peace on His servants whom He has chosen (for His Message). (Who) is better? Allah or the false gods they associate (with Him)? (59) Or, who has created the heavens and the earth, and who sends you down rain from the sky? Yea, with it We cause to grow well-planted orchards full of beauty and delight: it is not in your power to cause the growth of the trees in them. (Can there be another) god besides Allah? Nay, they are a people who swerve from justice. (60) Or, who has made the earth firm to live in; made rivers in its midst; set thereon mountains immovable, and made a separating bar between the two bodies of flowing water? (Can there be another) god besides Allah? Nay, most of them know not. 61) Or, who listens to the (soul) distressed when it calls on Him, and who relieves its suffering, and makes you (mankind) inheritors of the earth? (Can there be another) god besides Allah? Little it is that ye heed! (62) Or, who guides you through the depths of darkness on land and sea, and who sends the winds as heralds of glad tidings, going before His mercy? (Can th ere be another) god besides Allah? High is Allah above what they associate with Him! (63) Or, who originates Creation, then repeats it, and who gives you sustenance from heaven and earth? (Can there be another) god besides Allah? Say, â€Å"Bring forth your evidence, if ye are telling the truth! † (64) Say: None in the heavens or on earth, except Allah, knows what is hidden: nor can they perceive when they shall be raised up (for Judgment). (65)] (Q27:59-65) Word Repetition in the Qur’an – Translating Form or Meaning? Generally speaking, one of the functions of repetition in Arabic is to give force to the point made, and to add emphasis to the argument; in most cases, the repeated words are not redundant nor do they affect the style in a way that makes it gauche or clumsy. Consider, for example, the different ranslations for Surah al-Rahman where the word almizan (balance) is repeated three times. (9) The English translations, do, to the English ear, have a tiresome, repetitive quality which is absent in the Arabic: )? ( ?)? ( ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (? ) ? ? (Q55:7-9) From Khan & Helali [30] 7. And the heaven He has raised high, and He has set up the b alance. 8. In order that you may not transgress (due) balance. 9. And observe the weight with equity and do not make the balance deficient. From Ali [3] 7. And the firmament has He raised high, and He has set up the balance (of justice). 8. In order that ye may not transgress (due) balance. 9. So establish weight with justice and fall not short in the balance. We can see from such examples that the original (source) language text does have a clear impact on the translation. This impact, especially when dealing with religious and sacred texts, is inescapable. It shows further how important the form is; what considerable influence form exercises on translated text; and what effect form has when translated. is repeated 31 times, Q30:20-25 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? where is repeated six times in six successive ayat. See also Q54: 15, 17, 22, 32, 40 and 5 ? , Q69:1-3 , Q74:19-20 , Q75:34-3 , Q76:15-16 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , Q82:17-18 ? , Q95:5-6 ? , Q101:1-3 , Q102:3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , Q109, etc. ? ? ? ? (9) Othe r examples are also found in Q55 where Ahmed Abdel-Fattah M. Ali Conclusion The most difficult problem to resolve in translating Holy Writ is, certainly for Muslims, a moral one. This paper has focused on the debate of whether or not to translate repeated words which appear in the Arabic Qur’an into the target language. It has been shown that if translators choose to deliberately ignore the repeated words, they have actually failed to cater for all the words — and, thereby, all the meanings — in the original. It is of secondary importance whether the translator may be justified or not for not translating repeated (or unrepeated) words as long as the meaning is not affected. This is because every word in the Qur’an (repeated as well as unrepeated) serves a purpose; and if translators fail to see this, it is not for them to decide that the reader, too, will not see what they have failed to translate. (10) This brings one to the opinion that what the translator of the Qur’an should do is opt for the straight translation. This does not preclude the fact that translators might labor in vain. They might be genuinely sincere in preserving the stylistic features of the original text, hoping always to maintain, as best they can, the stylistic beauty of the repetition they find there. Yet, there is always the possibility that those very labors might be doomed to failure owing to the differences between the source and target language systems of meaning-making and functioning. (11) (10) (11) This is explained clearly in the Arabic saying â€Å"? ? ?. † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The following examples are meant to shed some more light on this point. According to Nasif [14, p. 22], Si:bawayh says: â€Å"The Arabs say: ‘? ’ and ‘ ? . ’ The former is used when ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? something good happens and as a result one praises Allah, while the latter is used when one expresses how he is†. In his own words: .† ?† ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? By way of example, Dickins [31] also suggests comparing ‘ ? ’? with ‘ ? ? ? .’ He says: â€Å"Clearly, these two are distinct in Arabic, and in some contexts it might be possible in ? ? English to translate ‘? ? ’? ? ? as ‘This man is indeed great’. In many contexts, however, ? both ‘? ? ’? and ‘? ? ’? ? ? would have to be translated as ‘This man is great’ ? ? (etc. ); the very real difference between the two sentences simply cannot be relayed in English†. Word Repetition in th e Qur’an – Translating Form or Meaning? ? Several sincere attempts have been made in the past to minimize the effect of these differences, which result in unnatural sounding translations of the Qur’an. However, the result is always at the expense of something else. Arberry [8, p. x], for example, compares the Qur’anic translations prior to his own, saying: â€Å"In making the present attempt to improve on the performance of many of my predecessors, and to produce something which might be accepted as echoing however faintly the sublime rhetoric of the Arabic Koran, I have been at pains to study the intricate and richly varied rhythms hich — apart from the message itself — constitute the Koran’s undeniable claim to rank amongst the greatest literary masterpieces of mankind. [†¦ ] This very characteristic feature [†¦ ] has been almost totally ignored by previous translators; it is therefore not surprising that what they have w rought sounds dull and flat indeed in comparison with the splendidly decorated original. [†¦ ] I have striven to devise rhythmic patterns and sequence-groupings in correspondence with what the Arabic presents, paragraphing the grouped sequences as they seem to form original units of revelation. As is clear from his comments above (as well as in many other places in the introduction to his translation of the Qur’an), much has been lost in previous translations and even his own attempt is but a faint echo of the â€Å"sublime rhetoric of the Arabic Koran†. The question of what to do about translating repetition becomes consequent on recognizing the limitations of translating (or not translating) repetition in the Qur’an. Gaining a better understanding of the Arabic language definitely diminishes such misperceptions of incoherence. Since Arabic is spoken by approximately one billion people, Muslims can hope for a greater awareness of Arabic as a religious, cultural and social force on the planet on the part of non-Arabic and/or non-Muslim countries. Where Arabic recognized as the world language it is, the study thereof could conceivably be introduced throughout the various tiers of education in the rest of the world, and through that, attune non-Arabic speakers throughout the world to the differences and uniqueness inherent in the language. This would aid readers of the Qur’an – believers or otherwise to make the necessary mindshift from the rhetoric and discourse of their mother tongue to the translated text. In his â€Å"The Qur’an: A New Interpretation’, Colin Turner says: â€Å"When one considers the complexities involved in translating a work such as the Quran, one often wonders whether it might not be easier for the whole English-speaking world to learn Arabic in order to read the Quran than for one translator to bring the Quran to the whole of the English-speaking world. As far-fetched as this option might sound, it is the one favoured by most Muslim scholars, whose opinion it is that the Quran is only the Quran if it is in Arabic and that however much it is translated, and into however many languages, the product which emerges on the other side can never be anything more than one man’s humble – and, it goes without saying, fallible – interpretation†. (Turner & Bahbudi [32, p. xiii]) In the meantime, until Arabic becomes more widely studied, the answer to the conundrum of how to translate repetition extant in the Qur’an must be a simple one. The translator could, in an attempt to maintain the accuracy and faithfulness, and at the same time maintain the flow of the translation, make use of footnotes to draw the attention of the reader/critic to the actual wording of the original. In this way, the translator Ahmed Abdel-Fattah M. Ali minimizes the effect of, at least, the form of the original on the translation. 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